Opioids are powerful pain killers that are highly addictive. They can be divided into 3 classes: Naturally occurring opioids: These occur naturally & include morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narceine. Semi-synthetic opioids: These include heroin, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and hydrocodone. Synthetic opioids: These include buprenorphine, methadone, fentanyl, alfentanil, levorphanol, meperidine, and propoxyphene. Opioids can be taken orally, snorted …
Alcohol use disorder include: A need for daily use of large amounts of alcohol for adequate functioning. Long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges of heavy alcohol intake lasting for weeks or months. A regular pattern of heavy drinking limited to weekends. (I) Alcohol Withdrawal Diagnosis of alcohol withdrawal requires the cessation or reduction of …
Alcohol is the most frequently used addictive substance in the world. Worldwide mean alcohol consumption among people aged 15 years & older is about 6.2 L of pure alcohol per person per year which means 13.5 g of pure alcohol per person per day (WHO range for low risk drinking = 1-20 g/day for women …
Substance use disorder is the diagnostic term for the prolonged use & abuse of a substance. Behavioral, Physical & Psychological dependence are the hallmark of substance use disorder. 1. Behavioral Dependence: Behavioral dependence refers to substance seeking activities. 2. Physical Dependence: Physical dependence refers to the physical effects of multiple episodes of substance use. 3. …
3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) is a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception. ‘Ecstasy’ or ‘Molly’ (MDMA) was the archetypical dance drug (used in the dance, music/rave) inducing both stimulant and empathogenic effects. The use of this drug is now no longer confined to the dance floor. It is being used commonly at house parties or other more …
Cannabis is the most widely used illegal drug in the world. “Magnitude of Substance Use in India 2019” survey found that 2.83% of Indians aged 10–75 years (or 31 million people) were current users of cannabis products. Common names for cannabis preparations in Indian society include Charas (resin), Ganja (flower) and Bhang (seeds and leaves). Cannabis products are derived from …
